What effect do refraction, reflection and Faraday rotation have on a radio wave?

As a radio wave travels through the ionosphere, it interacts with the Earth's magnetic field and free electrons. This interaction causes the wave's polarization to twist or rotate, a phenomenon known as Faraday rotation. Similarly, when radio waves are reflected off the ground, water, or structures, or refracted through atmospheric layers, their physical orientation can be altered. A wave that was originally transmitted with strict horizontal or vertical polarization will often arrive at the receiver with a completely random or elliptical polarization. These phenomena do not change the fundamental properties of the wave such as its wavelength, frequency, or speed of propagation. They only alter the orientation of the electric and magnetic fields.