Which of the following can be measured by a two-port vector network analyzer?

A Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) characterizes RF components by sending a known signal into them and measuring both the amplitude and phase of the signals that reflect back or pass through. It operates across a swept range of frequencies. By connecting a filter between the two ports of a VNA, you can sweep across the frequencies of interest to precisely measure the filter's frequency response, mapping out its insertion loss, phase shift, and cutoff points. Phase noise is typically measured using a spectrum analyzer, pulse rise time requires an oscilloscope, and forward power is usually measured with a simple wattmeter. Only the filter frequency response requires the stimulus-and-response network characterization that a VNA provides.