What antenna polarization is normally used for long-distance CW and SSB contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?

For long-distance weak-signal work on VHF and UHF using modes like Continuous Wave (CW) or Single Sideband (SSB), horizontal polarization is the long-established standard. This convention ensures that all stations in these weak-signal segments can communicate efficiently, as cross-polarization would cause massive signal loss. Ground reflection characteristics at lower angles also slightly favor horizontal polarization for these long line-of-sight paths. In contrast, vertical polarization is typically reserved for FM voice and repeater operations to easily accommodate vertically mounted mobile antennas.