BasicB-006-012-003

What is the three-dimensional radiation pattern of a half-wavelength dipole in free space?

C
Answer
Antennas and feed lines
Type
A
Major lobes at 45-degree angles to the antenna
B
Spherical (equal radiation in all directions)
C
A torus (donut shape) around the antenna
D
A major lobe off each end of the antenna

Answer Notes

In free space, a half-wavelength dipole radiates radio energy perpendicular to the wire. The radiation is strongest broadside (at a 90-degree angle) to the antenna element and drops off to virtually zero directly off the ends of the wire. If you visualize this pattern in three dimensions, it extends uniformly in a full circle around the center of the wire. This creates a shape identical to a torus, or a donut, with the antenna wire passing straight through the 'hole' of the donut. Distractors such as 'spherical' describe an isotropic radiator, a theoretical point-source antenna that does not exist in reality. The option suggesting a 'major lobe off each end' is the exact opposite of how a dipole behaves, as dipoles have nulls at their ends.
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What is the impedance at the feed point of a half-wave dipole in free space?