Which of the following requires certification by a civil defense agency?

RACES stands for the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service. It is a special protocol created by the FCC and FEMA that allows amateur radio operators to communicate during official national emergencies, even if standard amateur radio operations are suspended. Because RACES is directly tied to local, state, or federal government emergency management, it requires operators to be officially registered and certified by a civil defense organization. In contrast, ARES (Amateur Radio Emergency Service) is organized by the ARRL and only requires an amateur license. MARS is military-affiliated, and SKYWARN is a weather-spotting program run by the National Weather Service.